In addition to the published historical accounts of slavery in North Africa, the Barbary captivity topos appeared in at least four early American novels, nine early plays, ten dime novels, and almost a dozen Hollywood movies. The Barbary captivity scenario even provided adventures for Tom Swift and for the sharp-shooting cowboy Tom Mix, as well as sailing into the modern romance novel under such titles as Barbary Bride and Angelique in Barbary. Barbary slave galleys were used to sell the Packard Custom Eight De Luxe automobile in the 1930s, and children could even play the “Pirates of the Barbary Coast” board game.

XREF: This connects to broader literature on Orientalism and how colonial/slavery themes recur across popular media forms.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 592