Black Muslim characters appear in venues other than painting, including the African Muslim monsters featured in Shakespearean-era drama and the Austrian theater masks depicting Satan as a Black Saracen. In some of these masks, the physiognomy of Satan was replicated in an exact fashion in a representation of a Black Muslim.

XREF: Connects to broader history of racialized demonization in European visual culture, and to simultaneous depictions of Black Muslims in painting.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 269