The Enlightenment started in the seventeenth century and ended in the late eighteenth century; the Romantic period ran from 1798 to 1824, ending with the death of Lord Byron. I am less concerned with the details of periodization than with the fact that both the Enlightenment and Romanticism inspired new Muslim monsters. As mentioned above, Enlightenment monsters were often framed as a result of science, such as the creatures purportedly seen by explorers. In contrast, Romantic and Gothic monsters represent the chaos in the world, often reflecting pre-modern sensibilities, including a reliance on medieval narrative structures and imagery.

DEFINE: Distinguishes Enlightenment monsters (framed as scientific products) from Romantic/Gothic monsters (embodying chaos and pre-modern sensibilities). XREF: Parallels the reader's likely existing knowledge of how literary movements shape cultural representations of the Other.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 358