This is countered by two facts: first, the large number of Muslim monsters found across numerous fields of cultural production and the disparate locations in which they function as social, literary, artistic, and filmic characters. Second, negative feelings are voiced by high numbers of non-Muslims against Islam and its followers. For example, European attitudes toward Muslims are far worse than attitudes toward other immigrants, a situation that is amplified in most eastern European states.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 37