This is not only an example of transference, or commingling, in which anti-Semitism and anti-Saracenism are joined. The Jewish Sarrazin is an early example of the charge of Jews and Muslims as Christianity's eternal enemies, even more significant because these representations become stock characters in Renaissance paintings of the Crucifixion and the execution of Christian saints. The linkage of Jews and Muslims/Saracens was so common that it was "difficult to name the one group without conjuring up the other."

XREF: Connects to broader scholarship on medieval Christian supersessionism and the construction of religious others as interchangeable enemies. SEED: Potential essay angle: how Renaissance art canonized a fused anti-Jewish/anti-Muslim iconography that persists in visual culture.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 171