Both Jews and Muslims are described as dogs and, as we shall see, are depicted as dog-headed men. The bestiary is one way in which monstrous identities are established, through Jewish symbols that are then transferred onto Muslim characters in Muslim cynocephalie.

QUESTION: What specific Jewish symbols were transferred onto Muslim characters, and how did this dehumanizing rhetoric function politically in the medieval period?

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 212