As noted earlier, during the medieval period “Saracen” becomes a widely used pejorative term. One example is that of the Jewish Sarrazin or Saracen, suggesting that in some instances Christians conflated Jews and Muslims into one body. In an image from the Holkham Bible (Figure 2.2), Ishmaelites are labeled as “sarrazins” and are portrayed with dark skin and turbans.

XREF: Relates to medieval Christian constructions of the religious 'other' and how textual/visual labels homogenized distinct groups.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 170