Although demons and other monsters occupied the human world, what existed beyond the borders could be even more bizarre and horrifying. This helps to explain why most Muslim monsters were located in distant lands, frightening landscapes that had been forgotten by God, with no sun, no vegetation, only monsters. These places are later resurrected as part of the new medievalism of Gothic literature, seen in Transylvania and the far regions to which Frankenstein's monster briefly escapes in what may be understood as a visit home.

XREF: Connects to the Gothic tradition and Frankenstein's monster's escape to far regions — a direct lineage from medieval Muslim monster geography to later Gothic landscapes.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 115