According to Steven Kruger, both Jews and Muslims “stood in simultaneous proximity and distance from the Western European Christian; that is, in positions that guaranteed them a certain ideological and emotional significance within the processes of self-definition.” This resulted in fantasies of a Jewish-Muslim conspiracy in which the enemies of Christendom cooperate as agents of Satan, intent on overturning God's order on earth through military invasion, trickery, and magic.

XREF: Connects to theories of how in-groups define themselves against proximate out-groups, relevant to studies of othering and identity formation.

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 96