The portrayal of Jews with turbans may have also been due in part to the “Orientalizing” of both Jews and Muslims, who often appear side by side in Renaissance paintings wearing turbans. One case is found in Giovanni Antonio de Pordenone’s painting of the Crucifixion in Cremona Cathedral. Turbaned Jews appear in Renaissance paintings that lack Muslim characters, such as the Limbourg Brothers’ Nativity, which features a Jewish figure with a “bulky 'Turkish'-style turban.” Ivan Davidson Kalmar has examined the use of the turban on Jewish subjects in Renaissance paintings, such as the example in Rembrandt’s David and

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 244