The fox ( vulpes) is a well-recognized “hate sign” in the language of anti-Semitism that symbolizes the Jew’s deceptive nature. The stories told on the pages of these manuscripts typically show a fox tricking a bird, resulting in its capture. “The fox is a symbol of the devil, who pretends to be dead before those who live according to the flesh [the birds], whom he traps and devours.”

Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imag…, loc. 215