In 1919, the philosopher and socialist educator Otto Neurath, president of the Central Planning Office in the shortlived Bavarian Soviet Republic, advocated a centrally planned economy in which money would be abolished and exchange would be made in kind. Before the war, Neurath had been a participant in the seminar led by Austrian economist Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, along with Joseph Schumpeter, Otto Bauer, Emil Lederer, and Ludwig von Mises, who remembered him, in his words, for the "nonsense" he presented with "fanatical fervor."

Dieter Plehwe, Quinn Slobodian & Philip Mirowski (eds.), Nine Lives of Neoliberalism, loc. 57