Their research concluded that “mind control” was better understood as a complex system of conditioning based on unpredictable schedules of reinforcement, consistent with B. F. Skinner’s important discoveries on operant conditioning. According to Harvard historian Rebecca Lemov, the “mind control” researchers had a powerful effect on the CIA and other branches of the military. The notion that “human material was changeable”—that one’s personality, identity, awareness, and capacity for self-determining behavior could be crushed, eliminated, and replaced by external control—incited a new sense of panic and vulnerability: “If indeed the world was rife with threats to the inner as much as the outer man, then experts in these realms were needed more than ever. Many good and well-meaning professors—self-described or de facto human engineers—participated in the CIA’s programs to bring about slow or rapid change in the minds and behavior of people.”

Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Cap…, loc. 1009