Such methods were originally developed for markets in Africa to help the "unbanked"—people without established credit—to qualify for loans. One lending group interviewed potential customers in low-income countries and concluded that it would be easy to exploit the already beleaguered poor: "Most said they had no problem sharing personal details in exchange for much-needed funds." But these app-based lending startups are typically developed and funded in Silicon Valley, and it is therefore not surprising that the same techniques have become part of a wider trend of exploiting American families that have been economically hollowed out by the financial crisis and neoliberalism's austerity medicine.

Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Cap…, loc. 540