52 By the end of 1923, the state’s yearly contribution to unemployment insurance was suspended (Royal Decree 3184, December 30, 1923, in GU 40 [February 16, 1924]). Most importantly, its mandatory nature— the true achievement of the many popular movements just a few years prior— was trashed. Moreover, farm workers, domestic staff , and home workers were exempt from insurance obligations. Pavan comments: “Th e most innovative feature of the Italian laws, which were the fi rst in the world to envision unemployment insurance even for farm workers, was erased” (Pavan 2019, 867).

Clara E. Mattei, The Capital Order, loc. 1709