In response, postcolonial examinations of science and technology have, according to Harding ("Convergences and Dissonances"), encompassed four general areas: (1) they have put forth counterhistories of Western progress, providing a critical reevaluation of their development and impact; (2) they have sought to reclaim and recontextualize non-Western forms of knowledge, which were eradicated or appropriated during colonialism; (3) they have examined the ways in which colonial science and technology continue to shape societies even after their independence; and (4) most importantly, they have promoted the development of alternative science and technology projects using decolonized methodologies, even in the difficult conditions of a neocolonial context. Even mathematics, the ultimate universal discipline, has been deconstructed to show that different cultures have generated mathematical ideas and that it is truly a pancultural phenomenon (Bishop, "Western Mathematics," 72).

Nick Couldry & Ulises A. Mejias, The Costs of Connection, loc. 889