This and similar endeavors are being explored by artists, scholars, and activists from within emerging fields such as postcolonial digital humanities and indigenous digital studies. Such work can provide a window onto a different space, what First Nations writer and academic Leanne Betasamosake Simpson calls a "productive place of refusal." For Simpson, a place of refusal is productive if it generates a "grounded normativity," a place from where we feel entitled and empowered in a sustainable way to say no to what we are told is "necessary" and yes to what for now seems impossible.

Nick Couldry & Ulises A. Mejias, The Costs of Connection, loc. 593