Second, both phenomena in the modern era have involved significant elements of racism, whether biological or cultural. In other words, both Jews and Muslims have been racialized by majority populations and have suffered significant discrimination and hostility as a result. For this reason, some organizations, such as the European Monitoring Centre for Racism and Xenophobia, have conducted studies that view the challenges of anti-Semitism and Islamophobia as part of the same continuum.

DEFINE: Clarifies how both Jews and Muslims have been racialized by majority populations in the modern era.

Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Intro…, loc. 100