First, I will use Islamophobia interchangeably with anti-Muslim and anti-Islam bigotry and hostility because I believe that Muslims do experience exclusion and discrimination based on their real or perceived religious identities. Second, my use of the term will assume that it reflects bigotry rooted in cultural racism in addition to perceived religious differences. Race and religion are inextricably intertwined in Islamophobic discourse and actions, and in most of the examples of Islamophobia that I use in this book, I will make no attempt to argue that they are reflections of only one or the other.

DEFINE: Clarifies the author's working definition of Islamophobia as combining cultural racism with perceived religious difference. Builds on: "Muslim anti-discrimination relies on race-like ascribed categories, not choice."

Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Intro…, loc. 104