Both Muslim and Christian rulers devised ways of dealing with religious minorities. … Christians in the Iberian Peninsula became subject to Muslim rule already in the eighth century. Muslims in Europe found themselves in a similar position beginning in the eleventh and twelfth centuries as Christians conquered Sicily and then ultimately the Iberian Peninsula. In most cases, Christian rulers created a status for Muslims similar to the standing of dhimmis in Muslim territories, including similar legal and religious freedoms. Muslims typically had the ability to practice their religion, but they could not have power over Christians in everyday life, and, like the dhimmis in Muslim lands, they faced severe restrictions in marrying or engaging in sexual relations with Christians. It was also common to pay a tax similar to the jizya, and in the case of the Norman conquest of Sicily in the eleventh century, Norman rulers actually continued to use the Arabic word for this tax.

XREF: Parallels the dhimmi system in Muslim lands, showing a symmetric pattern of minority treatment across medieval religious borderlands.

Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Intro…, loc. 117