Orientalism and Islamophobia, however, are not identical concepts. We must keep in mind that some Orientalist scholars held deep admiration and respect for the languages, histories, and religious convictions of Muslim peoples. An Orientalist is not by definition someone who fears or detests Islam, though plenty of Orientalists did harbor such feelings. Moreover, many Orientalists were academics who studied Islam professionally. Orientalist thought was not confined to the academy. Artists, government officials, and travelers to the East also contributed to Orientalism. But it is difficult to understand Orientalism apart from its connection to the academic world. Islamophobia, by contrast, is not something that emanates first and foremost from the scholarly study of Islam or Arab peoples.

DEFINE: Distinguishes Orientalism from Islamophobia: one is an academic/intellectual tradition with varied registers, the other rooted in animus rather than scholarship.

Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Intro…, loc. 236