Both Spain and Britain witnessed a rise in anti-Muslim incidents following the bombings. Long-term data on racially motivated crimes against Muslims does not exist in Spain, but information provided by the director of the National Police Force and the director of the Civil Guard for the period from January 2004 to May 2005 indicates a rise in Islamophobic incidents after 11-M. Examples of more egregious incidents include vandalism of mosques, a violent assault on a Muslim woman wearing a headscarf, the murder of a Moroccan pedestrian by a automobile driver, and the murder of a Moroccan farm laborer.

XREF: Parallels backlash dynamics seen after 9/11 in the US, suggesting a recurring pattern of retaliatory violence against minority groups following high-profile attacks.

Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Intro…, loc. 400