Patel also thinks that Europe, more so than the United States, faces difficult times ahead when it comes to Islamophobia. This is primarily due to added tensions around issues of class and education. Muslims in Europe occupy lower rungs on the socioeconomic ladder and possess lower education levels than Muslims in the United States, and this complicates their relationship with non-Muslims in Europe.

Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Intro…, loc. 709