As early as 1978, Jacques Julliard had launched the media polemic against tiers-mondisme with an article that prophesied that, in Africa, there would be 'no socialism except a totalitarian socialism'. As critics noted at the time, the terms of this anti-tiers-mondiste condemnation of the postcolonial state replicated colonialist predictions about what would eventuate in the colonies if independence were achieved, depicting them as places of barbarism and oppression.

Jessica Whyte, The Morals of the Market, loc. 436