Modernisation also entailed the 'improvement' and capitalisation of the land. Pinochet promulgated decrees expropriating the Mapuche nation's collective ownership of land and incorporating 'vast areas of "undeveloped" native forests in southern Chile into the global economic market'. Rather than laissez-faire, the consolidation of land-ownership in the hands of forestry giants and large land-owners was fostered by tax incentives and subsidies to logging companies.

Jessica Whyte, The Morals of the Market, loc. 354