Perhaps more surprisingly, the mandates were also a laboratory for the transnational monitoring of human rights. In a 1946 article, 'Human Rights in Mandated Territories', Rappard noted the strangeness of the UN Charter's claim to protect human rights. Refusing the 'deplorable cynicism' of dismissing this new language as pious wishes, he sought to distil a conception of human rights from the work of the PMC. Human rights were best understood as the individual's 'general freedom from oppression', he argued, which meant that, in protecting freedom of conscience and religion and suppressing the slave trade, the mandate system had always been serving human rights. Rappard's key lesson, however, concerned the means of promoting human rights. The PMC comprised diplomats and former colonial officials with no coercive powers, he wrote; its only resource was its 'moral authority', which enabled it to shame governments in front of their own citizens. Such impartiality and independence, he wrote in another essay of the same year, allowed the PMC to function as 'an international or rather a super-national moral authority'.

Jessica Whyte, The Morals of the Market, loc. 94