Nkrumah argued that substituting free trade with welfare states exported class struggle to the international stage and made colonial exploitation newly central to the stability of capitalism. The colonies were not simply latecomers to the welfare world. If there was no 'rights cascade' when it came to social and economic rights, this was, not least, because the exploitation of the colonies made these rights possible in the metropolis.

Jessica Whyte, The Morals of the Market, loc. 237