For the neoliberals, communism was not simply a competing European political movement; communism was 'a pseudo-religion within the shell of the Russian state, a sort of secularized Islam', in Roepke's words, communists were emissaries of an empire bent on world domination. With this 'Communist Pseudo-Islam' there could not be 'one world', but only a mobilisation of Europe against the threat of fanatical hordes from the East. This assimilation of communism, totalitarianism and Islam recurred frequently in the writings of the neoliberals, who drew on orientalist tropes of inassimilable otherness to discredit their adversaries.

Jessica Whyte, The Morals of the Market, loc. 125