Around the periphery of the mosque, Hindu extremists armed with weapons, and others brandishing only bare fists, shouted the Hindu nationalist slogan "Jai Shri Ram" as their feet pounded the pavement. This chant signaled, for Muslims who heard it, that violence was coming their way. And that violence came in droves. In the India remade by Modi, those words were not only a spiritual chant for a Hindu deity, but also the "three most polarizing words in India," which could signal anti-Muslim violence.

DEFINE: Explains that 'Jai Shri Ram' carries a coded meaning of impending anti-Muslim violence for Muslim listeners in Modi's India.

Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 475