Cultural essentialism drives racial classification of whole societies [causal]
"Orientalists divided human societies into civilizations that have a core set of values that drive their progress (or lack thereof). The people who inhabit these civilizations were said to have a cultural 'essence' that explains who they are across time. Essentialism of this sort is one of the pillars of race making."
Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 1277