As in the United States, counter-radicalization programs disproportionately victimize poor Muslims in France. Emulating the parasitic dynamic unfolding in Muslim communities and enclaves in the United States, police and Muslim informants collaborate in France in an effort to keep tabs on subjects of interest and suppress religious expression—such as the wearing of a hijab—that the state conflates with subordination and extremism.

XREF: Directly parallels US counter-radicalization dynamics described earlier in the text — the author explicitly draws the comparison.

Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 771