The Hijab Ban would plague Muslim women in France for years to come. It was followed in 2011 by legislation that barred Islamic face coverings; together, the two laws formed the flagship policies of a French Islamophobia that did not stop at the borders of the secular republic. The second and third waves would break out in Quebec, Belgium, and additional European nations that enacted copycat laws based on the French Hijab Ban.

XREF: Connects to broader study of religious dress restrictions and state secularism in Western democracies.

Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 808