The culprits of the Beirut explosion were not Muslim terrorists or “Islamists,” but the slow-plotting terror of government kleptocracy, corruption, and neglect. Terror of a less conspicuous sort, enabled by former empires and abetted by foreign banks.

XREF: Reframes violent disasters as outcomes of systemic governance failure rather than ideological attacks — connects to accountability and kleptocracy literature.

Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 50