This is how laïcité impacts French Muslims, descending on them like a disease that infects every sector of French society, and rising to the proportion of a plague in 2004 with the enactment of the Hijab Ban—a law that, arguably, stands as the world’s most lucid representation of structural Islamophobia, and which has caused the passage of copycat policies in Belgium and Quebec, and a proposal in Denmark.

Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 719