“Radicalization theory” focused exclusively on Muslims, and like eugenics or the bell curve and grand racial or religious theories crafted before it, saw Islam as inherently violent. Islam itself, a religion so heterogeneous and deeply layered, was deemed prone to terrorism by a new theory that, like other bigoted philosophies, reduced the “essence” of entire peoples to vile stereotypes.

XREF: Connects to broader critiques of how academic frameworks can pathologize entire populations, similar to how eugenics deployed scientific legitimacy for bigotry.

Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 138