This forms the final dimension of Islamophobia—“dialectical” Islamophobia. The fluid and dynamic discourse where state action, based on the notion that Muslim identity is predictive of terror, authorizes and emboldens the populace to join the national project of punishing and persecuting Muslims. Through the ongoing process of dialectical Islamophobia, the law itself instructs people to hate or hurt Muslims.

DEFINE: Introduces the concept of 'dialectical Islamophobia,' where state discourse reciprocally instructs the public to persecute Muslims.

Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamopho…, loc. 342