Decolonization, and concomitantly rising “Third Worldism,” continued to present enormous challenges to neoliberal perspectives. The revolutionary aspirations of the popular masses in the Third World, utopian egalitarianism, an emphasis on a strong and centralized state to accomplish development, and international alliances all combined with rhetorical commitments to transnational unions (pan-Arabism, pan-Africanism, etc.) in favor of regional integration and redistribution (Berger 2004, 34). At home, most neoliberals were worried about a disturbing willingness of leading politicians from both the right and the left to embrace expanded state management of the economy and foreign aid.

Philip Mirowski & Dieter Plehwe (eds.), The Road from Mont Pèlerin, loc. 1295