After Standard Oil, businesses were more often targeted that were not of great relative size, suggesting that enormous size coupled with abusive practices was not necessary for finding illegality. Instead, as Director and Levi pointed out, various types of practices such as tying arrangements, vertical integration, and exclusive dealing were increasingly declared either per se illegal or highly questionable without the consideration of monopoly power.

Philip Mirowski & Dieter Plehwe (eds.), The Road from Mont Pèlerin, loc. 1137