Neoliberalism had a diverse number of places of origin (including, but not limited to, Chicago, Freiburg, Geneva, London, New York, and Paris). With regard to the important Austrian roots, and to a lesser extent German, Italian, and French, neoliberalism was a political philosophy developed by uprooted intellectuals in exile following the rise of Nazism, which may explain the intensity of the social bondage among people from different countries and cultures. Metaphors of "birth" are perhaps less apposite here than alternative metaphors of percolation and recombination.

Philip Mirowski & Dieter Plehwe (eds.), The Road from Mont Pèlerin, loc. 113