While Toye dates the counter-revolution from the late 1970s, the material presented in this section, which extends from Gottfried Haberler's 1957 report on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to a 2005 article by Deepak Lal, encourages a different periodization. It suggests that the seeds of this transformation were sown well before the specific period of the NIEO, and that the ideas that underlie it continue to be developed by scholars today, who draw on these earlier arguments while also updating them to reflect what are represented as ongoing challenges to the liberal international economic order.

Philip Mirowski & Dieter Plehwe (eds.), The Road from Mont Pèlerin, loc. 1754