Alexander Rüstow (1899-1966), professor of economics, opposed the Nazis in Germany and eventually fled to Istanbul. After World War II, he held a chair in economics and social sciences at the University of Heidelberg, and headed the Alfred Weber Institute. His Ortsbestimmung der Gegenwart (three volumes) is sometimes placed next to Popper's Open Society, Hannah Arendt's "Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft," and Adorno and Horkheimer's "Dialektik der Aufklärung." Together with Wilhelm Röpke, Rüstow determined the crisis of liberalism in its economism. The threat of totalitarianism required a complete new beginning in the social sciences, they argued at the founding conference of the MPS (Walpen 2004, 58).

Philip Mirowski & Dieter Plehwe (eds.), The Road from Mont Pèlerin, loc. 1354