18. In the Japanese yakuza, "when a follower reaches a certain status in the hierarchy, he is given permission to train his own followers and become a small boss. He announces the name of his own family and, in accordance with his prestige, he is permitted to call himself either the boss of 'a branch family' or the boss of a 'whole family' "; also "weaker bosses of less powerful families are constantly searching for opportunities to join in alliances with the more powerful bosses in order to secure the safety and raise the status and power of their families" (Iwai 1986: 217-218).

XREF: Connects to general organizational theory about hierarchy, sponsorship, and patronage networks — similar dynamics exist in corporate and criminal organizations alike.

Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia The Busi…, loc. 890