A few of these gatekeepers, professional associations that issue credentials and accreditations or regulatory watchdogs that register and provide clearance, also serve to monitor the performance of and punish abuse committed by candidates after they have been installed in positions of trust. These are joined by a huge complement of additional social-control organizations that audit trustee books and records, conduct surprise inspections, engage in undercover scrutiny, or encourage and follow up on complaints from consumers, clients, business associates, and in-house whistle-blowers. Such organizations also set up sting operations and other strategems to induce, participate in, or observe deviant conduct; surveil stock-market trading patterns, advertising, telephone billing records, and other indirect output of trustee activities for inferences of potential misconduct; crossmatch data bases (e.g., of welfare and payroll records); and so forth.

Shapiro, Susan P., The Social Control of Imper…, loc. 92