Granovetter would surely argue that these measures "do not produce trust but instead are a functional substitute for it" (1985, p. 489), as he would also suggest about risk spreading and contractual control by principals, described earlier. In contrast, I am arguing that only strategies that virtually eliminate agency and uncertainty are functional substitutes for trust. All efforts to reduce uncertainty-whether through familiarity, reciprocity, threats of sanction, procedural rules, policing, compensatory side bets, or whatever-seek to induce trust. I do not consider personalized control to be all that different from the other measures.

Shapiro, Susan P., The Social Control of Imper…, loc. 63