Under these conditions, one might expect two general responses. First, people turn inward to concentrate on relations with those with whom they have rich enough ongoing relations to establish trust and trustworthiness. Hence social and economic organization tends toward familism or even Banfield’s (1958) amoral familism. Second, alternative organizations for social control might arise in the relatively anarchic vacuum left by the Spanish neglect of normal governmental functions. Thus we might expect to see the rise of such organizations as the Mafia (Blok 1974, 89–102).

Russell Hardin, Trust and Trustworthiness, loc. 496