The second qualification, most evident from the example of Korea, is that it may be possible deliberately if deviously to create trust, which cannot always therefore be seen as a 'by-product', as Elster claims; and that at least one way of doing so is the way that Elster, after Tocqueville, does not believe is possible. If this in turn is right, it would seem to follow that in some conditions some 'aristocracies' — a political party, for instance, or an army — can create trust after all, and can do so by creating distrust.

XREF: Challenges Elster and Tocqueville's view that trust is only ever a by-product, relevant to any prior engagement with their work on social capital.

Diego Gambetta, Trust - Making and Breaking…, loc. 1667