To take an extreme example, Seligman, Maier, and Solomon (1971) report that dogs subjected to random and unpredictable shocks of a relatively low intensity suffer much more than those who are receiving higher but predictable charges. Typically, the first group of dogs becomes listless, their physical condition worsens, and their normal interests diminish when compared with the group receiving the greater but predictable punishment.

XREF: Relates to learned helplessness research and the broader psychology of perceived control. Also connects to why predictable pain is psychologically preferable to unpredictable mild stress.

Diego Gambetta, Trust - Making and Breaking…, loc. 522