Camp is very clear that the investigation of practices should come first and that the metrics quantifying their effect should come later (ibid., pp. 4–5). However, it is noteworthy that leading with the metrics in order to produce the practices has become an important governance tool. The British REF (Research Excellence Framework) is but one example; almost all the efforts at assessing teaching and educational outcomes in U.S. K–12 education has the purpose of altering pedagogical and curricular practices.

Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos, loc. 601