This battle to keep identities "properly" expressed was, as I have said, eventually lost. The appearential ordering of the preindustrial city did not survive the chaos and confusion of early industrialization. To watch the breakdown of one sort of order and the emergence of another, we turn now to the crucible of this change: the early industrial city. … The goal of this brief chapter is as follows: to touch here and there on just a part of "what was happening" in the early industrial city so as to suggest, tentatively, some of the factors that may help to account for the great urban transformation-the transformation from the dominance of appearential ordering to the dominance of spatial ordering, from a world in which stranger identities were signaled most reliably . by appearance to a world in which they are signaled most reliably by location.

DEFINE: Defines the book's central distinction between appearential and spatial ordering of urban strangers. QUESTION: What specific industrialization pressures eroded appearance-based identification while making location more reliable?

QUESTION: What specific urban factors drove this shift from reading identities by how people looked to reading them by where people were situated?

Lyn H. Lofland, World of Strangers_ Order a…, loc. 300