In 1951, he was allowed to return to Congo. According to his own testi- mony, he was advised to “not write more” but “simply do apostolate [work]” (Tempels 1964). His work then became the foundation of a new religious movement, the Jamaa, inspired by the Catholic Action. Although not officially condemned by the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, they were worried that the movement deviated from Catholic teachings and practices and could potentially become a breakaway church.

Frans Dokman, Beyond Bantu Philosophy_…, loc. 77